Rheumatoid Arthritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and swelling. 

Unlike osteoarthritis, which results from wear and tear, RA occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the lining of the joints, leading to long-term damage. This condition can significantly impact mobility and quality of life if not properly managed.

Causes of rheumatoid arthritis

The exact cause of RA remains unclear, but a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors likely contributes to its onset. The immune system, in individuals with RA, begins to attack healthy joint tissues, causing inflammation. Some risk factors include:

1. Genetics

   • Individuals with a family history of RA are at a higher risk.

2. Environmental factors

   • Exposure to cigarette smoke, air pollution, and certain occupational hazards may increase risk.

3. Hormonal factors

   • RA is more common in women, suggesting a link between hormones and disease onset. Some research has indicated that hormonal fluctuations, such as those during pregnancy, might play a role in RA's development.

4. Infections

   • Some researchers believe certain infections may trigger RA in genetically susceptible individuals.

Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

RA typically affects the smaller joints in the hands and feet, but over time, it can spread to larger joints such as the knees, hips, and shoulders. Symptoms may vary in severity and can include:

1. Joint pain and swelling

   • This is often most noticeable in the fingers, wrists, and knees.

2. Stiffness

   • Particularly after long periods of inactivity, such as first thing in the morning.

3. Fatigue

   • Persistent tiredness that doesn't improve with rest

4. Symmetrical pattern

   • Symptoms often occur on both sides of the body

5. Fever

   • Low-grade fever may accompany other symptoms

6. Weight loss 

   • Unintentional weight loss can occur

7. Extra-articular manifestations 

   • rheumatoid arthritis can affect other body systems, including the skin, eyes, lungs, and blood vessels

Symptoms often come and go, with periods of increased disease activity called "flares," followed by remission when symptoms lessen. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to managing RA effectively and preventing joint damage.

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Treatments for rheumatoid arthritis

While there is no cure for RA, early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent joint damage. Treatments focus on controlling inflammation, relieving symptoms, and maintaining joint function.

1. Medications

   • Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): These help relieve pain and reduce inflammation.

   • Corticosteroids: These are often used to quickly reduce inflammation during flare-ups.

   • Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): DMARDs, such as methotrexate, are essential in controlling the immune system's attack on the joints. Early use of DMARDs can slow the disease's progression.

   • Biologic agents: These are newer drugs that target specific parts of the immune system to reduce inflammation.

2. Physical therapy 

   • Physical therapy can help maintain joint function and improve mobility. Specific exercises can be prescribed to strengthen muscles around the joints, reducing the strain on them.

3. Surgery 

   • In severe cases where joint damage is extensive, surgical interventions such as joint replacement or tendon repair may be considered.

4. Lifestyle adjustments

   • Maintaining a healthy lifestyle through a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking can help manage RA symptoms. Weight management is also crucial, as excess weight can put additional strain on the joints.

Request an appointment today with our specialists on rheumatoid arthritis for personalised treatment options.

Doctors who treat rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is a complex autoimmune condition that requires long-term management to prevent joint damage and maintain quality of life. Early intervention, combined with a comprehensive treatment plan, can significantly improve outcomes for those living with rheumatoid arthritis. If you suspect you might have symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, consult with a healthcare professional today for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan. Request an appointment today with our specialists on rheumatoid arthritis for personalised treatment options.

Disclaimer: The information provided is intended for general guidance only and should not be considered medical advice. For personalised recommendations and tailored advice, please consult a specialist at Thomson Medical. Book an appointment with Thomson Medical today.