Cervical Cancer vs Ovarian Cancer: Symptoms & Key Differences

What is cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer originates from the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It typically develops slowly, beginning as abnormal changes in the cervical cells (known as cervical dysplasia) which can progress to cancer if left untreated.

Common causes and prevention of cervical cancer

The human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, is responsible for the vast majority of cervical cancer cases. Persistent infection with high-risk strains of HPV, especially types 16 and 18, can lead to the development of precancerous lesions and cervical cancer. The development of cervical cancer can often be prevented through regular screening tests (Pap smears and HPV testing) and vaccination against HPV.

Learn more about cervical cancer symptoms, causes and treatment options here.

What is ovarian cancer?

Ovarian cancer originates in the ovaries, which are responsible for producing eggs and female hormones. It is often called the "silent killer" because it is usually diagnosed at a late stage when the disease has already spread beyond the ovaries.

Common causes and prevention of ovarian cancer

The exact cause of ovarian cancer is less well understood than cervical cancer. While genetic mutations (such as BRCA1 and BRCA2) and family history are significant risk factors, ovarian cancer is often sporadic, meaning it can occur without a known cause or risk factor. However, there are screening tests and symptoms to look out for that can help prevent and manage ovarian cancer. Genetic testing and preventive surgeries may be options for women with a high genetic risk.

Key differences between cervical cancer and ovarian cancer

The table below serves as a quick summary of the key differences between cervical and ovarian cancer. More in-depth information about these differences are below.

Cervical cancer vs ovarian cancer risk factors

Risk factors for cervical cancer

• HPV infection:

  • The primary risk factor for cervical cancer is a persistent infection with high-risk strains of HPV (human papillomavirus).

• Multiple sexual partners: 

  • Increases the risk of HPV infection.

• Smoking: 

  • Weakens the immune system, making it harder to fight off HPV.

• Weakened immune system: 

  • HIV or other conditions that weaken immunity can increase the risk of HPV progression to cervical cancer.

• Lack of regular screening: 

  • Missing routine Pap smears or HPV tests can allow precancerous changes to go undetected.

Risk factors for ovarian cancer

• Family history of ovarian / breast cancer: 

  • Having relatives diagnosed with ovarian or breast cancer usually indicates genetic predisposition for ovarian cancer.

• Genetic mutations: 

  • Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes significantly increase the likelihood of ovarian cancer.

• Age: 

  • Most cases of ovarian cancer occur in women over 50, especially after menopause.

• Reproductive history: 

  • Women who have not had children or started menstruation early and entered menopause late may be at higher risk.

• Hormone therapy: 

  • Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy may increase the risk of ovarian cancer.

Cervical cancer vs ovarian cancer symptoms

Cervical cancer symptoms

Early-stage cervical cancer usually exhibits little to no symptoms, which is why regular screening is crucial. However, more common symptoms include:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding (between periods, after intercourse, or after menopause)

• Unusual vaginal discharge

• Pain during intercourse

• Pelvic pain

Ovarian cancer symptoms

Ovarian cancer is notorious for having symptoms that are often mistaken for other less serious conditions. Common symptoms include:

• Abdominal bloating or swelling

• Persistent pelvic or abdominal pain

• Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly

• Urinary urgency or frequency

• Fatigue, back pain, and unexplained weight loss or gain

How are cervical cancer and ovarian cancer diagnosed?

Cervical cancer diagnosis

• Pap smear: 

  • Detects abnormal cells on the cervix before they turn cancerous.

• HPV test: 

  • Identifies high-risk HPV infections that could lead to cervical cancer.

• Colposcopy and biopsy: 

  • Used to closely examine abnormal cells found in the cervix (if any). Involves collection of tissue samples for further analysis in a lab.

Ovarian cancer diagnosis

• Pelvic exam: 

  • Focuses on the detection of abnormal masses.

• Transvaginal ultrasound: 

  • Can help identify abnormal growths or cysts on the ovaries.

• CA-125 blood test: 

  • Measures levels of a protein that may be elevated in women with ovarian cancer.

• Imaging (CT/MRI): 

  • Used to assess the extent of the disease and check for spread to other organs.

Cervical cancer and ovarian cancer treatments

Cervical cancer treatment

• Surgery: 

  • For early-stage cancer, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may be recommended. In some cases, a more conservative surgery like a trachelectomy (removal of the cervix but preserving the uterus) is possible for women who want to preserve fertility.

• Radiation therapy: 

  • Often combined with chemotherapy, radiation is used to treat more advanced stages of cervical cancer. Brachytherapy, a type of targeted radiation therapy, is also commonly used in treatment.

• Chemotherapy: 

  • Used in combination with radiation for more advanced cases or when the cancer has spread.

Ovarian cancer treatment

• Surgery: 

  • The first-line treatment for ovarian cancer usually involves removing the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and as much of the cancer as possible.

• Chemotherapy: 

  • Often given after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells. It may also be given before surgery (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) to shrink the tumor.

• Targeted therapy: 

  • Newer treatments like PARP inhibitors may be used in patients with BRCA mutations or recurrent ovarian cancer.

Cervical cancer and ovarian cancer survival rates & outcomes

The prognosis for both cervical and ovarian cancers varies significantly depending on how early the cancer is detected and treated.

Cervical cancer prognosis

The prognosis for cervical cancer is generally good if caught early. The 5-year survival rate for localised cervical cancer (cancer confined to the cervix) is over 90%. With regular screening, many cases can be detected and treated before they progress to cancer.

Ovarian cancer prognosis

Ovarian cancer has a lower survival rate due to its tendency to be diagnosed at a later stage. The 5-year survival rate for women with early-stage ovarian cancer is about 93%, but it drops to around 30% if diagnosed at an advanced stage. Regular check-ups and awareness of risk factors are crucial for high-risk women.

You are not alone

Receiving a cancer diagnosis can feel overwhelming, but remember—you are not alone in this journey. At Thomson Medical, our team of experienced healthcare professionals provides comprehensive support, from diagnosis through treatment and beyond. We understand that each woman's experience is unique, and we're here to support you with:

• Dedicated specialists who will guide you through your treatment options

• Counselling services to help you and your loved ones cope with the emotional aspects

• Regular check-ups and monitoring to ensure the best possible care

Many women have walked this path before, and with early detection and proper medical care, positive outcomes are possible. Whether you're seeking preventive care, dealing with a recent diagnosis, or supporting a loved one, our healthcare team is here to provide the care and support you need. Request an appointment with our specialists here.

The information provided is intended for general guidance only and should not be considered medical advice. For personalised recommendations and tailored advice, please consult a specialist at Thomson Medical. Book an appointment with Thomson Medical today.

FAQ

Which is more deadly, ovarian or cervical cancer?

Both cancers can be serious, but ovarian cancer generally has a higher mortality rate. This is primarily because ovarian cancer is often diagnosed at later stages when it has already spread, making treatment more challenging. In contrast, cervical cancer can usually be detected early through regular screening, leading to better outcomes. However, it's important to remember that with early detection and proper treatment, both conditions can be treated successfully.

Can you have both cervical and ovarian cancer?

While rare, it is possible to have both cervical and ovarian cancer simultaneously or at different times. However, they are distinct cancers with different causes and risk factors. If you have had one type of gynaecological cancer, it's especially important to maintain regular check-ups to monitor for any other potential issues.

Is ovarian and cervical cancer hereditary?

The hereditary aspects of these cancers differ:

• Ovarian cancer has a strong hereditary component, particularly in women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations or a family history of ovarian/breast cancer

• Cervical cancer is not typically hereditary. It is primarily caused by HPV infection, though family history may play a small role in how the body responds to HPV infection

Is cervical cancer the same as uterine cancer?

No, cervical cancer and uterine cancer are different conditions that affect distinct parts of the reproductive system:

• Cervical cancer develops in the cervix (the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina)

• Uterine cancer, also called endometrial cancer, develops in the lining of the uterus (the endometrium)

They have different risk factors, symptoms, and treatment approaches. Regular gynaecological check-ups can help detect any abnormalities in either area.