Vaginal Yeast Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

What is vaginal yeast infection?

A vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of yeast organisms, most commonly Candida albicans, in the vaginal area. While Candida species are naturally present in the vagina, an overgrowth can cause an imbalance and lead to infection.

What causes a vaginal yeast infection?

The primary causative organism of vaginal yeast infections is Candida albicans, although other Candida species such as Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis may also be involved. These yeast organisms thrive in warm, moist environments, such as the vaginal area, especially when conditions favour their growth. 

Types of vaginal yeast infections

1) Uncomplicated yeast infections

• These refer to mild to moderate yeast infections that occur sporadically and typically respond well to treatment.

2) Recurrent yeast infections

• Recurrent yeast infections are characterised by four or more episodes within a year and may require longer or maintenance treatment to prevent recurrence.

What are the signs and symptoms of vaginal yeast infection?

Common symptoms can range from mild to moderate and may include:

• Itching or irritation 

  • Itching or irritation in the vaginal area

• Redness and swelling 

  • Inflammation of the vulva

• Vaginal discharge 

  • Thick, white, cottage cheese-like vaginal discharge

• Burning sensation 

  • Burning sensation during urination or intercourse

• Soreness or discomfort 

  • Soreness or general discomfort in the vaginal area

How to treat a vaginal yeast infection?

Treatment for vaginal yeast infections typically involves antifungal medications to eliminate the overgrowth of yeast and relieve symptoms. Commonly prescribed antifungal treatments for yeast infections include:

• Over-the-counter antifungal creams or suppositories 

  • For treatment of simple yeast infections, these medications are available without a prescription and include clotrimazole, miconazole, and tioconazole.

• Prescription oral antifungal medications 

  • In cases of severe or recurrent yeast infections, healthcare providers may prescribe oral antifungal medications such as fluconazole.

FAQs

Who is at risk of vaginal yeast infection?

Several factors may increase the risk of developing vaginal yeast infections, including:

• Antibiotic use 

  • Increased use of antibiotics can disrupt the normal balance of bacteria in the body, including the vagina. They may kill beneficial bacteria that help keep yeast levels in check, allowing yeast to proliferate and cause an infection. 

• Hormonal changes 

  • Hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy, menstruation, or use of oral contraceptives, can alter the vaginal environment and make it more conducive to yeast growth. Pregnancy hormones, in particular, can increase vaginal glycogen levels, providing a food source for yeast.

• Medical conditions 

  • Conditions like diabetes that weaken the immune system can make individuals more susceptible to infections, including vaginal yeast infections.

• Sexual activity 

  • Sexual activities, particularly with a new partner or multiple partners, can disrupt the vaginal microbiota and increase the risk of yeast overgrowth.

• Medications 

  • Use of medications such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressants can weaken the immune system and lead to increased risk of infections.

• Poor personal hygiene 

  • Practices such as wearing tight-fitting, non-breathable clothing, staying in wet or damp clothing for extended periods, or using harsh soaps or douches in the vaginal area can disrupt the natural balance of vaginal flora and promote yeast growth.

How to diagnose vaginal yeast infections?

Your healthcare provider may perform the following steps to provide a diagnosis:

• Clinical examination

  • Perform a pelvic examination to assess the appearance of the vaginal discharge and evaluate for signs of inflammation or infection.

• Vaginal pH testing

  • Yeast infections typically do not alter vaginal pH, which is usually acidic (pH < 4.5).

• Microscopic examination

  • Microscopic examination of vaginal discharge samples may reveal the presence of yeast cells and pseudohyphae, characteristic of Candida infection.

What are the complications of vaginal yeast infections?

While vaginal yeast infections are generally not associated with serious complications, untreated or recurrent infections may lead to:

• Chronic or recurrent symptoms

  • Persistent or frequently occurring symptoms can affect quality of life.

• Vulvovaginal candidiasis

  • A more severe form of yeast infection with extensive inflammation and symptoms.

• Secondary bacterial infections

  • Scratching or excessive moisture in the vaginal area may lead to skin irritation or secondary bacterial infections.

What will happen if I get a vaginal yeast infection during pregnancy?

Experiencing a vaginal yeast infection during pregnancy is relatively common and usually does not pose a significant risk to the mother or the foetus. However, it's essential to manage the infection promptly to alleviate symptoms and prevent potential complications. 

Here's what may happen if you get a vaginal yeast infection during pregnancy:

• Increased discomfort

  • Symptoms of vaginal yeast infections like itching, irritation and abnormal vaginal discharge may be more pronounced during pregnancy due to hormonal changes and increased vaginal moisture.

• No direct harm to the baby

  • Vaginal yeast infections generally do not directly harm the developing foetus. The infection is confined to the vaginal area and does not typically affect the baby in the womb.

• Risk of complications

  • While vaginal yeast infections are usually harmless, untreated or recurrent infections may increase the risk of complications, such as:

  • Premature labour or preterm birth

  • Increased discomfort and impact on quality of life

  • Risk of neonatal candidiasis (thrush) in newborns if the infection is not adequately managed before delivery

How to prevent vaginal yeast infections?

To reduce the risk of vaginal yeast infections and prevent recurrence, individuals can take several preventive measures, including:

• Avoiding unnecessary antibiotics 

  • Only use antibiotics when necessary.

• Good hygiene practices 

  • Wear breathable cotton underwear, avoid tight clothing, and change out of wet clothes promptly.

• Healthy lifestyle habits 

  • Manage blood sugar levels, especially for those with diabetes, and reduce sugar intake.

• Careful use of vaginal products 

  • Avoid douching and use gentle, unscented products to maintain the natural balance of vaginal flora.